PREFACE vii
NOMENCLATURE ix
Greek
Letters xiv
Overbars xvi
Subscripts xvi
Superscripts xvii
PART I - Molecular Transport 1
CHAPTER 1 - The Nature of Transport
Phenomena 3
1-1
Why Transport Phenomena? 3
1-2
Mechanisms of Transport Processes 5
1-3
Driving Forces For Transport Processes 7
CHAPTER 2 - Transport Phenomena Laws 11
2-1
The Definition of Fluxes 11
Energy 13
Mass 14
Momentum 14
2-2
The Phenomenological Laws 15
2-2.a
Phenomenological Laws in One-Dimension 15
2-2.b
Analogies 18
2-2.c
Extension of the Phenomenological Laws to Other Coordinates and Dimensions 19
2-3
Differential Balances and the Conservation Laws 21
[INPUT],
[OUTPUT] 22
[SOURCES],
[SINKS] 24
[ACCUMULATION] 25
PROBLEMS 28
CHAPTER 3 - One-Dimensional Molecular
Energy Transport 33
3-1
Modeling Physical Systems 33
3-1.a
The Adequacy of the Model 33
3-1.b
Boundary Conditions 34
3-2
Steady-State Molecular Energy Transport 38
3-2.a
Axial Energy Transport in a Rod 38
3-2.b
Composite Materials: Energy Loss Through a Furnace Wall 42
3-2.c
Radial Temperature Distribution in a Wire 46
3-3
Steady-State Energy Transport in a Cooling Fin 48
3-3.a
General Considerations 48
3-3.b
Cooling Fin Temperature Profile 53
3-3.c
Fin Effectiveness 58
3-4
Unsteady-State Molecular Energy Transport 59
3-4.a
Unsteady-State Heating of an Al-Sphere 60
3-5
Non-Linear Energy Transport Problems 66
3-5.a
Cooling Fin with Nonlinear Cooling 66
3-5.b
Radiant Heating 68
PROBLEMS 73
CHAPTER 4 - Molecular Mass Transport 87
4-1
Component Fluxes 88
4-1.a.
Diffusion Fluxes 88
4-1.b
System Fluxes 89
4-2
Stagnant Film Diffusion 91
4-3
Diffusion in a Cylindrical Pore 96
4-4
Mass Transport across a Cylindrical Membrane 101
4-5
Dissolution of a Sphere in a Quiescent Fluid 105
4-6
NonLinear Mass Transport - Ternary Film Diffusion 108
PROBLEMS 112
CHAPTER 5 - Molecular Momentum Transport 127
5-1
Momentum Flux as a Surface Force 128
5-2
Momentum Transport in Couette Flow 131
5-3
Film Flow over a Solid Surface 136
5-4
Laminar Pipe Flow 139
PROBLEMS 146
CHAPTER 6 - The Transport Coefficients 155
6-1
Transport Property Predictions in Dilute, Pure Gases 155
6-1.a
Predictions Based on the Elementary Kinetic Theory 156
6-1.b
Predictions Based on the Chapman-Enskog Theory 165
6-1.c
Prandtl Number Predictions. 168
6-2
Transport Properties in Liquids and Solids 170
6-2.a
Liquids 170
6-2.b
Transport Properties of Solids 174
6-3
Transport Coefficients in Multicomponent Mixtures 175
6-3.a
Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity 175
6-3.b
Diffusivity 176
6-4
Non-Newtonian Fluids 177
PROBLEMS 180
CHAPTER 7 - Similarity Analyses 185
7-1
Dimensionless Groups in Molecular Transport 185
7-2
Dimensionless Differential Balances 187
7-3
Similarity Transforms 191
PROBLEMS 201
PART II - Convective Transport 211
CHAPTER 8 - Convective Transport in
Laminar Flow 213
8-1
Developing Flow in a Pipe 214
8-1.a
The Continuity Equation 215
8-1.b
The Boundary Layer 220
8-1.c
Inviscid Flow 225
8-2
Energy Transport in a Shell and Tube Condensor 228
8-3
Plug-Flow Chemical Reactor 231
PROBLEMS 233
CHAPTER 9 - Turbulent Transport 239
9-1
The Nature of Turbulent Flow 239
9-2
Time-Averaged Momentum Equation 243
9-3
Semi-Empirical Methods 247
9-3.a
Eddy Viscosity and the "Universal Velocity Profile" 248
9-3.b
Surface Renewal Theory 253
PROBLEMS 256
CHAPTER 10 - Transfer Coefficients 259
10-1
General Definitions 259
10-1.a
Energy: Heat Transfer Coefficients 260
10-1.b
Mass: Mass Transfer Coefficients 261
10-1.c
Momentum: The Friction Factor 262
10-2
Transfer Coefficient Predictions in Laminar Flow 265
10-3
The "Phoney Film" Theory 268
10-3.a
Applications to Energy and Momentum Transport 269
10-3.b
Mass Transport in Gas-Liquid Films 272
10-4
Transfer Coefficients and Differential Balances 279
10-5
Transfer Coefficients and Turbulence 283
10-5.a
Surface Renewal Theory 283
10-5.b
Surface Renewal vs. Phoney Film theory 286
PROBLEMS 289
PART III - Macroscopic Calculations 299
CHAPTER 11 - Macroscopic Calculations:
Momentum Transport 301
11-1
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 301
11-1.a
Piping Systems 301
11-1.b
Pressure Losses in Pipes and Fittings 306
11-1.c
Optimum Pipe Diameter 312
11-2
Flow in Packed Beds 315
11-2.a
Pressure Losses: Single-Phase Flow 316
11-2.b
Pressure Losses: Countercurrent Two-Phase Flow 320
11-3
Flow in Fluidized Beds 325
PROBLEMS 329
CHAPTER 12 - Macroscopic Calculations:
Energy Transport 335
12-1
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 335
12-2
Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients 342
12-2.a
Correlations for Tubes and Ducts: "Free" (Natural) Convection 343
12-2.b
Correlations for Tubes and Ducts: "Forced" Convection 344
12-2.c
Correlations in Packed and Fluidized Beds 350
12-2.d
Correlations for Boiling and Condensation 354
12-3
Heat Exchanger Design 359
12-3.a
Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 359
12-3.b
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 362
12-3.c
Extended Area Heat Exchangers 371
PROBLEMS 372
CHAPTER 13 - Macroscopic Calculations:
Mass Transfer 377
13-1
Interfacial Mass Transfer Coefficients 378
13-1.a
Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients 378
13-1.b
Correlations for Known Interfacial Areas 382
13-1.c
Correlations for Complex Interfacial Areas 385
13-2
Mass Transfer in Gas Absorbers and Strippers 388
13-2.a
Mathematical Description of Mass Transfer Rates 389
13-2.b
Simplified Mass Transfer Equations 396
13-2.c
Specification of Gas Absorber Diameters 403
13-2.d
Design Procedure for Gas Absorbers 406
13-3
Mass and Heat Transfer in Cooling Towers 414
13-4
Gas Absorption with Chemical Reactions 419
13-5
Fluid-Solid Systems (Adsorption) 424
13-6
Membrane Separation 434
PROBLEMS 447
APPENDIX A - Generalized Equations of
Change 455
Momentum,
Energy and Species Conservation Equations in Cartesian,
Cylindrical,
and Spherical Coordinates 455
Derivation
of the Momentum Equation 456
Derivation
of the Energy Equation 459
Conservation
of Species Equation 465
APPENDIX B - Using MATLAB ODE 475
The
M-file 475
The
Command-file 479
The
Differential Equation Solvers 480
APPENDIX C - Lennard Jones Parameters and
Collision Integrals 485
APPENDIX D - The Error Function 489
APPENDIX E - Viscosity and Thermal
Conductivity Data 491
Viscosity
Data for Gases 491
Viscosity
Data For Liquids 494
Thermal
Conductivity Data 496
Gases 496
Liquids 496
APPENDIX F - Conversion Factors 497
INDEX 501